О чём-то своём.

Иногда мир преподносит странные сюрпризы. Это похоже на каскады водопада - когда миллионы струй, весело разбиваясь о камни, несутся куда-то вперёд, весело поблёскивая на солнце. Невозможно стать с ними одной крови - у них и крови-то нет. А вот усесться на берегу и смотреть - запросто. И сидеть так можно долго и недвижимо. Да и зачем двигаться? Осторожно греет солнце, за спиной лес нашёптывает сказку, а капли складываются в самое лучшее кино в мире. А он, кстати, деликатно замер и не двигается, понимая, как редки такие моменты и как они драгоценны.

---

=)

---

Хочется масштабных замыслов и наполеоновских планов. А ещё - великих свершений. Надо купить книжек...

---

Как-то так.

Я знал одну женщину, она всегда выходила в окно.
В доме было десять тысяч дверей, но она выходила в окно.
Она разбивалась насмерть, но ей было все равно.
Если бы ты знал эту женщину, ты бы не стал пить с ворами.
Если бы ты знал эту женщину, ты бы не стал пить с ворами.
Ты бы не стал ходить по грязи и разбрасываться волосами.

---

Меня иногда удивляет, насколько иные люди любят вмешиваться не в своё дело... Особенно, когда даёшь им понять, что делать этого не нужно.

---

Мне повезёт. Повезёт-повезёт-повезёт. Я так в это верю!

---

COMPOSITION

Composition is the way of wordbuilding when a word is formed by joining
two or more stems to form one word. The structural unity of a compound
word depends upon : a) the unity of stress, b) solid or hyphonated
spelling, c) semantic unity, d) unity of morphological and syntactical
functioning. These are charachteristic features of compound words in all
languages. For English compounds some of these factors are not very
reliable. As a rule English compounds have one uniting stress (usually on
the first component), e.g. hard-cover, best-seller. We can also have a
double stress in an English compound, with the main stress on the first
component and with a secondary stress on the second component, e.g. blood-
vessel. The third pattern of stresses is two level stresses, e.g. snow-
white,sky-blue. The third pattern is easily mixed up with word-groups
unless they have solid or hyphonated spelling.
Spelling in English compounds is not very reliable as well because they
can have different spelling even in the same text, e.g. war-ship, blood-
vessel can be spelt through a hyphen and also with a break, iinsofar,
underfoot can be spelt solidly and with a break. All the more so that there
has appeared in Modern English a special type of compound words which are
called block compounds, they have one uniting stress but are spelt with a
break, e.g. air piracy, cargo module, coin change, pinguin suit etc.
The semantic unity of a compound word is often very strong. In such cases
we have idiomatic compounds where the meaning of the whole is not a sum of
meanings of its components, e.g. to ghostwrite, skinhead, brain-drain etc.
In nonidiomatic compounds semantic unity is not strong, e. g., airbus, to
bloodtransfuse, astrodynamics etc.
English compounds have the unity of morphological and syntactical
functioning. They are used in a sentence as one part of it and only one
component changes grammatically, e.g. These girls are chatter-boxes.
«Chatter-boxes» is a predicative in the sentence and only the second
component changes grammatically.
There are two characteristic features of English compounds:
a) Both components in an English compound are free stems, that is they
can be used as words with a distinctive meaning of their own. The sound
pattern will be the same except for the stresses, e.g. «a green-house» and
«a green house». Whereas for example in Russian compounds the stems are
bound morphemes, as a rule.
b) English compounds have a two-stem pattern, with the exception of
compound words which have form-word stems in their structure, e.g. middle-
of-the-road, off-the-record, up-and-doing etc. The two-stem pattern
distinguishes English compounds from German ones.

WAYS OF FORMING COMPOUND WORDS.
Compound words in English can be formed not only by means of composition
but also by means of :
a) reduplication, e.g. too-too, and also by means of reduplicatin
combined with sound interchange , e.g. rope-ripe,
b) conversion from word-groups, e.g. to micky-mouse, can-do, makeup etc,
c) back formation from compound nouns or word-groups, e.g. to
bloodtransfuse, to fingerprint etc ,
d) analogy, e.g. lie-in ( on the analogy with sit-in) and also phone-in,
brawn-drain (on the analogy with brain-drain) etc.


CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH COMPOUNDS

1. According to the parts of speech compounds are subdivided into:
a) nouns, such as : baby-moon, globe-trotter,
b) adjectives, such as : free-for-all, power-happy,
c) verbs, such as : to honey-moon, to baby-sit, to henpeck,
d) adverbs, such as: downdeep, headfirst,
e) prepositions, such as: into, within,
f) numerals, such as : fifty-five.

2. According to the way components are joined together compounds are
divided into:
a) neutral, which are formed by joining together two stems without any
joining morpheme, e.g. ball-point, to windowshop,
b) morphological where components are joined by a linking element :
vowels «o» or «i» or the consonant «s», e.g. {«astrospace», «handicraft»,
«sportsman»),
c) syntactical where the components are joined by means of form-word
stems, e.g. here-and-now, free-for-all., do-or-die .

3. According to their structure compounds are subdivided into:

a) compound words proper which consist of two stems, e.g. to job-hunt,
train-sick, go-go, tip-top ,

b) derivational compounds, where besides the stems we have affixes, e.g.
ear-minded, hydro-skimmer,

c) compound words consisting of three or more stems, e.g. cornflower-
blue, eggshell-thin, singer-songwriter,

d) compound-shortened words, e.g. boatel, tourmobile, VJ-day, motocross,
intervision, Eurodollar, Camford.

4. According to the relations between the components compound words are
subdivided into :



a) subordinative compounds where one of the components is the semantic
and the structural centre and the second component is subordinate; these
subordinative relations can be different:

with comparative relations, e.g. honey-sweet, eggshell-thin, with
limiting relations, e.g. breast-high, knee-deep, with emphatic relations,
e.g. dog-cheap, with objective relations, e.g. gold-rich, with cause
relations, e.g. love-sick, with space relations, e.g. top-heavy, with time
relations, e.g. spring-fresh, with subjective relations, e.g. foot-sore etc

b) coordinative compounds where both components are semantically
independent. Here belong such compounds when one person (object) has two
functions, e.g. secretary-stenographer, woman-doctor, Oxbridge etc. Such
compounds are called additive. This group includes also compounds formed by
means of reduplication, e.g. fifty-fifty, no-no, and also compounds formed
with the help of rhythmic stems (reduplication combined with sound
interchange) e.g. criss-cross, walkie-talkie.

5. According to the order of the components compounds are divided into
compounds with direct order, e.g. kill-joy, and compounds with indirect
order, e.g. nuclear-free, rope-ripe .


CONVERSION


Conversion is a characteristic feature of the English word-building
system. It is also called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation. The
term «conversion» first appeared in the book by Henry Sweet «New English
Grammar» in 1891. Conversion is treated differently by different
scientists, e.g. prof. A.I. Smirntitsky treats conversion as a
morphological way of forming words when one part of speech is formed from
another part of speech by changing its paradigm, e.g. to form the verb «to
dial» from the noun «dial» we change the paradigm of the noun (a
dial,dials) for the paradigm of a regular verb (I dial, he dials, dialed,
dialing). A. Marchand in his book «The Categories and Types of Present-day
English» treats conversion as a morphological-syntactical word-building
because we have not only the change of the paradigm, but also the change of
the syntactic function, e.g. I need some good paper for my room. (The noun
«paper» is an object in the sentence). I paper my room every year. (The
verb «paper» is the predicate in the sentence).
Conversion is the main way of forming verbs in Modern English. Verbs can
be formed from nouns of different semantic groups and have different
meanings because of that, e.g.
a) verbs have instrumental meaning if they are formed from nouns denoting
parts of a human body e.g. to eye, to finger, to elbow, to shoulder etc.
They have instrumental meaning if they are formed from nouns denoting
tools, machines, instruments, weapons, e.g. to hammer, to machine-gun, to
rifle, to nail,
b) verbs can denote an action characteristic of the living being denoted
by the noun from which they have been converted, e.g. to crowd, to wolf,
to ape,
c) verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are
formed from nouns denoting an object, e.g. to fish, to dust, to peel, to
paper,
d) verbs can denote an action performed at the place denoted by the noun
from which they have been converted, e.g. to park, to garage, to bottle, to
corner, to pocket,
e) verbs can denote an action performed at the time denoted by the noun
from which they have been converted e.g. to winter, to week-end .
Verbs can be also converted from adjectives, in such cases they denote
the change of the state, e.g. to tame (to become or make tame) , to clean,
to slim etc.
Nouns can also be formed by means of conversion from verbs. Converted
nouns can denote:
a) instant of an action e.g. a jump, a move,
b) process or state e.g. sleep, walk,
c) agent of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has been
converted, e.g. a help, a flirt, a scold ,
d) object or result of the action expressed by the verb from which the
noun has been converted, e.g. a burn, a find, a purchase,
e) place of the action expressed by the verb from which the noun has been
converted, e.g. a drive, a stop, a walk.
Many nouns converted from verbs can be used only in the Singular form and
denote momentaneous actions. In such cases we have partial conversion. Such
deverbal nouns are often used with such verbs as : to have, to get, to take
etc., e.g. to have a try, to give a push, to take a swim .

---

Prefixation

Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the
stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more
independent than suffixes. Prefixes can be classified according to the
nature of words in which they are used : prefixes used in notional words
and prefixes used in functional words. Prefixes used in notional words are
proper prefixes which are bound morphemes, e.g. un- (unhappy). Prefixes
used in functional words are semi-bound morphemes because they are met in
the language as words, e.g. over- (overhead) ( cf over the table ).
The main function of prefixes in English is to change the lexical meaning
of the same part of speech. But the recent research showed that about
twenty-five prefixes in Modern English form one part of speech from another
(bebutton, interfamily, postcollege etc).
Prefixes can be classified according to different principles :

1. Semantic classification :
a) prefixes of negative meaning, such as : in- (invaluable), non-
(nonformals), un- (unfree) etc,
b) prefixes denoting repetition or reversal actions, such as: de-
(decolonize), re- (revegetation), dis- (disconnect),
c) prefixes denoting time, space, degree relations, such as : inter-
(interplanetary) , hyper- (hypertension), ex- (ex-student), pre- (pre-
election), over- (overdrugging) etc.

2. Origin of prefixes:
a) native (Germanic), such as: un-, over-, under- etc.
b) Romanic, such as : in-, de-, ex-, re- etc.
c) Greek, such as : sym-, hyper- etc.

When we analyze such words as : adverb, accompany where we can find the
root of the word (verb, company) we may treat ad-, ac- as prefixes though
they were never used as prefixes to form new words in English and were
borrowed from Romanic languages together with words. In such cases we can
treat them as derived words. But some scientists treat them as simple
words. Another group of words with a disputable structure are such as :
contain, retain, detain and conceive, receive, deceive where we can see
that re-, de-, con- act as prefixes and -tain, -ceive can be understood as
roots. But in English these combinations of sounds have no lexical meaning
and are called pseudo-morphemes. Some scientists treat such words as simple
words, others as derived ones.
There are some prefixes which can be treated as root morphemes by some
scientists, e.g. after- in the word afternoon. American lexicographers
working on Webster dictionaries treat such words as compound words. British
lexicographers treat such words as derived ones.

---

Suffixation.
The main function of suffixes in Modern English is to form one part of
speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical
meaning of the same part of speech. ( e.g. «educate» is a verb, «educatee»
is a noun, and « music» is a noun, «musicdom» is also a noun) .
There are different classifications of suffixes :
1. Part-of-speech classification. Suffixes which can form different
parts of speech are given here :
a) noun-forming suffixes, such as : -er (criticizer), -dom (officialdom),
-ism (ageism),
b) adjective-forming suffixes, such as : -able (breathable), less
(symptomless), -ous (prestigious),
c) verb-forming suffixes, such as -ize (computerize) , -ify (micrify),
d) adverb-forming suffixes , such as : -ly (singly), -ward (tableward),
e) numeral-forming suffixes, such as -teen (sixteen), -ty (seventy).

2. Semantic classification . Suffixes changing the lexical meaning of
the stem can be subdivided into groups, e.g. noun-forming suffixes can
denote:
a) the agent of the action, e.g. -er (experimenter), -ist (taxist), -ent
(student),
b) nationality, e.g. -ian (Russian), -ese (Japanese), -ish (English),
c) collectivity, e.g. -dom (moviedom), -ry (peasantry, -ship
(readership), -ati ( literati),
d) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie (horsie), -let (booklet), -ling (gooseling),
-ette (kitchenette),
e) quality, e.g. -ness (copelessness), -ity (answerability).

3. Lexico-grammatical character of the stem. Suffixes which can be added
to certain groups of stems are subdivided into:
a) suffixes added to verbal stems, such as : -er (commuter), -ing
(suffering), - able (flyable), -ment (involvement), -ation
(computerization),
b) suffixes added to noun stems, such as : -less (smogless), ful
(roomful), -ism (adventurism), -ster (pollster), -nik (filmnik), -ish
(childish),
c) suffixes added to adjective stems, such as : -en (weaken), -ly
(pinkly), -ish (longish), -ness (clannishness).

4. Origin of suffixes. Here we can point out the following groups:
a) native (Germanic), such as -er,-ful, -less, -ly.
b) Romanic, such as : -tion, -ment, -able, -eer.
c) Greek, such as : -ist, -ism, -ize.
d) Russian, such as -nik.

5. Productivity. Here we can point out the following groups:
a) productive, such as : -er, -ize, --ly, -ness.
b) semi-productive, such as : -eer, -ette, -ward.
c) non-productive , such as : -ard (drunkard), -th (length).

Suffixes can be polysemantic, such as : -er can form nouns with the
following meanings : agent,doer of the action expressed by the stem
(speaker), profession, occupation (teacher), a device, a tool
(transmitter). While speaking about suffixes we should also mention
compound suffixes which are added to the stem at the same time, such as
-ably, -ibly, (terribly, reasonably), -ation (adaptation from adapt).
There are also disputable cases whether we have a suffix or a root
morpheme in the structure of a word, in such cases we call such morphemes
semi-suffixes, and words with such suffixes can be classified either as
derived words or as compound words, e.g. -gate (Irangate), -burger
(cheeseburger), -aholic (workaholic) etc.

---

1.Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
2.lexical system. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships
3.
4.Semasiology
5. http://na5.ru/503217-1
6. the structure of lexical meaning
7.word meaning and motivation
8.
9.
10.semantic structure of polysemantic words
11. polysemy, approaches , polysemy
12. semantic structure
13.types of context
14. semantic fields , hyponym
15. synonims
16. sources of synonymy
17. antonyms
18. homonyms
19. = 18
20.
21. Structure and Classification of Phraseological Units
22. = 21
23. morphemic word-structure morphemic analysis
24. derivative structure
25. sufffixes , affixes
26-29. suff, pref, comp, conversion, others
30. borrowed words
31. assim of borrowed words
32. modern english
33. dictionaries
34.
35-36. dialects and amer. eng

---

Несмотря на то, что я сегодня халявила, день выдался настолько потрясающий, что я даже себя не виню. Автомата по лексикологии не получилось, увы, зато по честно списанному модулю - 5! Это круто. После него мы попили чай и отправились в компьютерный, где я наконец увидела видео с Пушкинской! Без музыки, правда... Но тоже ничего. Затем, разыскав Диму, я увидела видео с его нетбука уже со зуком. Не сказать, чтобы фонтан - над поворотами надо работать и работать, да и не только над ними... К счастью, с четверга у нас должна начаться отработка фигур! Я думаю, это нас подтянет - по крайней мере, ходить мы будем синхронно. А потом я таки потанцевала вальс! Ну... Почти. Но ещё чуть-чуть,и... Короче, над этим тоже работать и работать. Но по крайней мере, я надеюсь, это было не очень уныло. Какой-то мимопроходящий человек нам даже радостно поапплодировал! Надо тренироваться-тренироваться. Но старт был, а это уже здорово. =)

---

Хотела сегодня прогуляться после танцев, но долг взял своё. Я себя в маршрутку и поехала работать над курсовой. х)
Внезапно на одной из остановок я увидела знакомого. Маршрутка была полупустой, и я надеялась, что он сядет ближе или дальше. Для надёжности я даже спящей притворилась - мне хотелось немного покопаться в себе и всё расставить по местам. Не помогло. Более того, меня "разбудили", позвав по имени. Я открыла глаза лишь на второй раз, и по большей части от шока. Разговор всю дорогу шёл на уровне трёпа. Мы обменивались новостями и обсуждали общих знакомых. В результате товарищ изъявил желание проводить меня до дома (от чего я энергично отбрыкалась) и вообще созвониться, погулять и пообщаться (от чего я отбрыкаюсь позже). Заявив, что он мой явный поклонник, он вышел из маршрутки и учесал на остановку назад. Как бы от него поудачней потеряться?.. Хотя внимание мне, пожалуй, даже приятно было. Я не думаю, что это слишком жестоко. Товарищ явно мня не знает, даже если и говорил серьёзно... К тому же есть ещё пара факторов. Причём, боюсь, что существенных. Надо бы от него теряться, если действительно звонить будет. Размышлизмы на эту тему могут быть долгими, ибо факт такого внимания является чем-то запредельным. ))
Высказалась, полегчало. Ненамного, но всё же))

---

Чёрт. Чёрт-чёрт-чёрт. Не сметь. Я запрещаю себе заниматься всякой хренью и думать ненужное! Нафиг!!!!

А пошла я убьюсь об стену пару раз - авось дури поубавится.

---

Ещё чуть-чуть, и я проснусь. Я жду этого момента.

---

Сегодняшний день лично для меня прошёл... Удачно. А главное - весело. Зато теперь я точно знаю, с кем пойду в разведку... Итак, после сегодняшнего выхода "на природу" заявляю:
- Подниматься по мокрой земле - не круто;
- Стоять вчетвером под одним зонтом - весело;
- Людей мы пугаем по-прежнему успешно;
- Мы нашли Джульетту в нашу безумную компанию;
- Мы таки поели мармелад!
В целом наш поход увенчался успехом... И я надеюсь, его участники меня не ненавидят х)

---

Под настроение.

Холодные камни холодной pyкой
Hе тpогай, не надо, и pядом не стой.
Hе слyшай их песни, не пей их вино -
Холодные камни yтянyт на дно.

Ах, Марья-Марьяна гуляла во сне
По черной поляне, по белой стене
Но кто-то без тени увел ее прочь
Отец безутешный оплакивал дочь.

А Настя-Настасья встречалась с одним,
У черного камня гуляли они.
Но где же Настасья, и где ее след?
Лишь камень остался, а девушка – нет.

Припев

Вернулась Наталья с купанья домой –
Собаки на хуторе подняли вой.
Холодная кожа, в ладонях вода...
За что же, за что же такая беда?

Припев

А Ольга считала себя деловой,
Но как-то услышала флейту, и – ой…
Ушла вслед за музыкой в лес босиком
Холодным и серым ноябрьским днем.

@настроение: Не трогай, не надо!

---

В воздух.

Мой милый друг, летим со мной! Плясать и петь в Ирландию...

---

Моя сказочная анимация

Лето, луна и пение птиц. Когда наступают такие ночи, поэты влюбляются, а влюблённые становятся поэтами.

Получить свою сказку в анимации.

---

После металла пальцы до сих пор не восстановились. Но я стараюсь, да. У меня всё получится.

---

Я пропала - устала... Завтра вернусь в мир х)